Examples:
Stare at the black dot. The brain will think that the curves around it are moving, but they aren't.
The lines look slanted, but they're actually straight.
Look at the legs and feet of this elephant. Something off?
Monday, November 2, 2015
Visual Illusions
Visual illusions are created by how the brain perceives visual appearances and reality, which causes the sense to play a trick on the brain so it perceives something differently from how it actually is.
Examples:
Examples:
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy is the brain's tendency to see objects as stable and unchanging even though our angle of vision and distance change as well as variations in light. There are three parts to it:
1. Size constancy: this is the perception that an object remains the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed.
Example: Since a constant size is kept in mind for familiar objects, the perception of two glasses on a table are the same even though the distance between them is different.
2. Shape constancy: this is the tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from.
Example: Depending on what angle it is viewed from, the top of a mug may appear elliptical even though our brain knows it is circular.
3. Brightness constancy: this is the perception of objects being the same color even though the light and brightness around the object may have changed.
Example: A brick wall will be perceived as brick red even though daylight fades and the actual color reflected turns gray.
1. Size constancy: this is the perception that an object remains the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed.
Example: Since a constant size is kept in mind for familiar objects, the perception of two glasses on a table are the same even though the distance between them is different.
2. Shape constancy: this is the tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from.
Example: Depending on what angle it is viewed from, the top of a mug may appear elliptical even though our brain knows it is circular.
3. Brightness constancy: this is the perception of objects being the same color even though the light and brightness around the object may have changed.
Example: A brick wall will be perceived as brick red even though daylight fades and the actual color reflected turns gray.
Stroboscopic Motion
The perception of movement, or stroboscopic motion, is the illusion of movement in the brain. The brain perceives continuous movement from a series of pictures shown in rapid succession with slight variance between them. This rapid succession creates the illusion of smooth movement.
Example: Graphic Interchange Format files (GIFs) are an example of stroboscopic motion. In a GIF, a number of frames are played in rapid succession. The brain perceives this as movement, such as in the GIF below of a child sticking its face under a hand dryer.
Example: Graphic Interchange Format files (GIFs) are an example of stroboscopic motion. In a GIF, a number of frames are played in rapid succession. The brain perceives this as movement, such as in the GIF below of a child sticking its face under a hand dryer.
Phi Phenomenon
It is where it is an illusion of movement where there is rapid succession.
https://www.lovethispic.com/tag/trains
This is an example of phi-phenomenon because it shows how it is moving when really there is an illusion where the lights are turned on and off in order to make the person think that it is moving.
Reversible Figures
It is a two-dimensional drawing that shows a three-dimensional drawing to the point where it is seen from two different perspectives.
http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Biological/perception.htm
For example, in this picture, someone would think that it is a man playing the saxophone and making music. However, another person can look at the picture and see a woman's face with hair and it shows some of her neck.
Depth Perception (Monocular Cues)
Relative Size
It's a monocular cue when two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being the closest to the observer.
https://www.emaze.com/@AORQWOTI/psychology
It's the same case with the two diet cokes. Though they are the same size, the one that is closer to the person seems to be larger than the one that is farther away from the person.
Relative Motion
It's a monocular cue that shows that as we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates.
http://voer.edu.vn/m/simultaneity-and-time-dilation/14a7a860
This relates to relative motion because as the man is moving, it seems as if the people are moving along with him but at a different rate even when they are just standing there watching the race.
Relative Clarity
It is a monocular cue when light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere which is why it is perceived as hazy and farther away than sharp, clear objects.
http://www.michelemmartin.com/thebambooprojectblog/the-career-clarity-virtual-retreat-saturday-september-21-2013-8-am-to-8-pm-edt-registration-deadline-is-saturday.html
This relates to relative clarity because the ocean looks distant and hazy compared to the rocks which look clearer and closer to the observer.
Interposition
This is another monocular cue where one object partially blocks the view of another which makes us perceive it as closer.
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/set3.htm
For instance, the hot air balloon covers the other hot air balloon. This makes the red, blue, and white hot air balloon look closer when in fact they really are the same size. Just because it blocks the other hot air balloon, it looks closer.
Texture Gradient
It is another monocular cue where there is a gradual change from course, distinct and clear texture to indistinct texture which shows how there is an increased distance.
http://www.academia.edu/11118713/widzenie_stereoskopowe_3D
This is shown when the texture looks clear when it is close to the observer; however, as the distance continues to grow, the observer notices how the texture of the sidewalk gets blurry and distorted.
Retinal Disparity
It is a binocular cue where the left eye and the right eye see different images. The more different the image is to each eye, the closer the object is the the observer.
http://appsychcv15.blogspot.com/2013/11/binocular-cue-retinal-disparity.html
When you look with a pencil, you see in your left eye, there is a history book; however, when you look through your right eye, you see a chair. The pencil is a way to separate your left eye and right eye which makes it easier to see the difference. However, if you look far away, both of your eyes see the same image when they see the other side of the classroom.
Convergence
This is another binocular cue where in order to perceive an object more clearly, the eyes would converge. This is used to determine whether an object is closer or farther away.
https://www.pinterest.com/kellybrophy/sensation-and-perception/
The cat is an example of convergence when the cat looks at the bug on its nose, its eyes move closer together in order to perceive the bug more closely.
It is where it is an illusion of movement where there is rapid succession.
https://www.lovethispic.com/tag/trains
This is an example of phi-phenomenon because it shows how it is moving when really there is an illusion where the lights are turned on and off in order to make the person think that it is moving.
Reversible Figures
It is a two-dimensional drawing that shows a three-dimensional drawing to the point where it is seen from two different perspectives.
http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Biological/perception.htm
For example, in this picture, someone would think that it is a man playing the saxophone and making music. However, another person can look at the picture and see a woman's face with hair and it shows some of her neck.
Depth Perception (Monocular Cues)
Relative Size
It's a monocular cue when two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being the closest to the observer.
https://www.emaze.com/@AORQWOTI/psychology
It's the same case with the two diet cokes. Though they are the same size, the one that is closer to the person seems to be larger than the one that is farther away from the person.
Relative Motion
It's a monocular cue that shows that as we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates.
http://voer.edu.vn/m/simultaneity-and-time-dilation/14a7a860
This relates to relative motion because as the man is moving, it seems as if the people are moving along with him but at a different rate even when they are just standing there watching the race.
Relative Clarity
It is a monocular cue when light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere which is why it is perceived as hazy and farther away than sharp, clear objects.
http://www.michelemmartin.com/thebambooprojectblog/the-career-clarity-virtual-retreat-saturday-september-21-2013-8-am-to-8-pm-edt-registration-deadline-is-saturday.html
This relates to relative clarity because the ocean looks distant and hazy compared to the rocks which look clearer and closer to the observer.
Interposition
This is another monocular cue where one object partially blocks the view of another which makes us perceive it as closer.
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/set3.htm
For instance, the hot air balloon covers the other hot air balloon. This makes the red, blue, and white hot air balloon look closer when in fact they really are the same size. Just because it blocks the other hot air balloon, it looks closer.
Texture Gradient
It is another monocular cue where there is a gradual change from course, distinct and clear texture to indistinct texture which shows how there is an increased distance.
http://www.academia.edu/11118713/widzenie_stereoskopowe_3D
This is shown when the texture looks clear when it is close to the observer; however, as the distance continues to grow, the observer notices how the texture of the sidewalk gets blurry and distorted.
Retinal Disparity
It is a binocular cue where the left eye and the right eye see different images. The more different the image is to each eye, the closer the object is the the observer.
http://appsychcv15.blogspot.com/2013/11/binocular-cue-retinal-disparity.html
When you look with a pencil, you see in your left eye, there is a history book; however, when you look through your right eye, you see a chair. The pencil is a way to separate your left eye and right eye which makes it easier to see the difference. However, if you look far away, both of your eyes see the same image when they see the other side of the classroom.
Convergence
This is another binocular cue where in order to perceive an object more clearly, the eyes would converge. This is used to determine whether an object is closer or farther away.
https://www.pinterest.com/kellybrophy/sensation-and-perception/
The cat is an example of convergence when the cat looks at the bug on its nose, its eyes move closer together in order to perceive the bug more closely.
Sunday, November 1, 2015
Laws of Perception- Rules of Perceptual Organization
Closure- Objects grouped together tend to be seen as a whole. Humans tend to ignore gaps and fill in contour lines to create shapes that we recognize. The above picture, is the icon for the world wildlife find. When people look at this on a billboard or a computer, they see a panda because their brain fills in the lines that would outline the head and back if it were really a picture of a panda, and because it fills most of the shape that we recognize as a panda.
Continuity- Lines are seen as following the smoothest path. Our eyes see the smoothest flowing parts as a single line, and disconnects a branches to keep from having to break the line into smaller pieces. In this glass sculpture, the line of the head and chin as well as the line that goes down the side all are part of the same original line. However, the chin follows the curve more more smoothly while the side takes a secondary curve. This causes us to see the head as a solid line and the side as a separate one.
Similarity- Items that are similar tend to be grouped together. In this picture of an area rug, the kite like shapes that are the same size and color are grouped together. We the them in a circular pattern around the center of the rug even though they are spots made simply by intersecting lines coming from the middle of the carpet.
Proximity- Objects near each other tend to be grouped together. The wooden slats that make up the floor are closer to certain others. Because some are closer our brain automatically groups them together to make the larger squares that are seen when looking at the floor.
Figure-ground perception- Our brains make distinctions between objects from a background from which they appear to stand out, especially in when this distinction creates something recognizable. This porcelain pumpkin has cut outs on one side, they stand out from the rest of the form because of the negative space. Alone these shapes wouldn't mean anything, but in this context, we recognize them as a face on a pumpkin.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)