Closure- Objects grouped together tend to be seen as a whole. Humans tend to ignore gaps and fill in contour lines to create shapes that we recognize. The above picture, is the icon for the world wildlife find. When people look at this on a billboard or a computer, they see a panda because their brain fills in the lines that would outline the head and back if it were really a picture of a panda, and because it fills most of the shape that we recognize as a panda.
Continuity- Lines are seen as following the smoothest path. Our eyes see the smoothest flowing parts as a single line, and disconnects a branches to keep from having to break the line into smaller pieces. In this glass sculpture, the line of the head and chin as well as the line that goes down the side all are part of the same original line. However, the chin follows the curve more more smoothly while the side takes a secondary curve. This causes us to see the head as a solid line and the side as a separate one.
Similarity- Items that are similar tend to be grouped together. In this picture of an area rug, the kite like shapes that are the same size and color are grouped together. We the them in a circular pattern around the center of the rug even though they are spots made simply by intersecting lines coming from the middle of the carpet.
Proximity- Objects near each other tend to be grouped together. The wooden slats that make up the floor are closer to certain others. Because some are closer our brain automatically groups them together to make the larger squares that are seen when looking at the floor.
Figure-ground perception- Our brains make distinctions between objects from a background from which they appear to stand out, especially in when this distinction creates something recognizable. This porcelain pumpkin has cut outs on one side, they stand out from the rest of the form because of the negative space. Alone these shapes wouldn't mean anything, but in this context, we recognize them as a face on a pumpkin.
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